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Appendix B: Equipment and Instrument Circuits

201040

Connected to Building Ground

through Instrument

Figure B.3: Equivalent circuit for

function generator.

Figure B.4: Equivalent circuit for isolated 120 V, 60 Hz supply with the

output voltage level controlled by an autotransformer.

Function Generator

A function generator is an electronic device that is capable

of producing time varying voltages of sinusoidal,

rectangular (“square”), or triangular shaped waveforms

over a broad frequency range (1 Hz - 5 MHz). The

frequency can be selected by a combination of push

buttons for the frequency range and a continuously

variable dial to adjust the signal within the selected range.

The amplitude of the output voltage can be controlled from

the front panel of the instrument. In addition, a DC

component can be added to the output wave by controls on

the front panel. For a particular combination of frequency,

AC amplitude, and DC level settings, the equivalent circuit

for this generator can be represented as shown in Figure

B.3, where the internal impedance of the function

generator is represented by a 50 Ω resistor.

Measurement of Current, Voltage, and Power

The basic electrical circuit variables of current and voltage are measured with ammeters (for cur-

rent) and voltmeters (for voltage). These instruments may use either analog (continuous) or digi-

tal (numerical) indicators (“readouts”) to report the measurement results.

Analog Meter Instruments

The analog meter instruments were developed early in the history of electrical science and tech-

nology. Most are based on the d’Arsonval galvanometer movement. A brief description of this

meter movement and its use in ammeters and voltmeters is given in the textbook Electric Cir-

cuits by J. W. Nilsson and S.A. Riedel [B-1], on pages 78 through 80 in the Seventh Edition.

More information is available in Reference B-2.

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BK Precision 4011A Instrucciones de operaciones Pagina 52